#include <cassert>
#include <charconv>
#include <optional>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string_view>
#include <system_error>

struct ParseError : std::runtime_error {
    using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
};

int parse_cents(std::string_view text) {
    if (text.empty()) throw ParseError("empty amount");
    int cents = 0;
    const char* end = text.data() + text.size();
    const auto result = std::from_chars(text.data(), end, cents);
    if (result.ec != std::errc{} || result.ptr != end || cents < 0)
        throw ParseError("invalid amount");
    return cents;
}

int preserve_error(std::string_view text) {
    try { return parse_cents(text); }
    catch (const std::exception&) { throw; }
}

enum class Status { accepted, bad_amount };
struct Receipt { Status status; std::optional<int> cents; };

Receipt submit(std::string_view text) {
    try { return {Status::accepted, parse_cents(text)}; }
    catch (const ParseError&) { return {Status::bad_amount, std::nullopt}; }
}

int main() {
    const auto good = submit("1250");
    assert(good.status == Status::accepted && good.cents == 1250);
    const auto bad = submit("12x");
    assert(bad.status == Status::bad_amount && !bad.cents);
    assert(!submit("9999999999999999999999999999999999999999").cents);
    bool preserved = false;
    try { (void)preserve_error(""); }
    catch (const ParseError&) { preserved = true; }
    assert(preserved);
}